La Influencia de Henry Kissinger: reflexiones para el s.XXI en Latinoamérica

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Durante más de 20 años, el nombre y las ideas de Henry Kissinger han impactado mi vida y nuestro entorno con resultados que permanecerán vigentes durante décadas por venir. La influencia de Kissinger fue más que ideológica y sus análisis sirvieron de consejo para la toma de decisiones de los políticos estadounidenses y sus contrapartes en Latinoamérica y el resto del sur global.

A Kissinger lo conocí muy joven y lo leí a los 14 años en un libro que compré en la extinta librería del Fondo de Cultura Económica de México. Años después, en la licenciatura de Relaciones Internacionales, el nombre de Kissinger nos aparecía en la sopa cada semestre y era imposible no citarlo en ensayos y discusiones. Posteriormente, en mi transición hacia Europa, Kissinger no dejó de sonar en las discusiones en las Universidades de Leipzig y Copenhague, y su huella indeleble se mantuvo siempre presente en las discusiones que tuve sobre los impactos que el imperialismo estadounidense habían tenido en la conformación del sur global.

Kissinger fue uno de los principales asesores que recomendó a USA y permitió a Pinochet mantenerse en el poder luego de concretar el asesinato del gobierno democráticamente electo de Salvador Allende. Leer más de los archivos desclasfiicados del a CIA: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/

Como resultado de esta política, la democracia artificial creada desde Estados Unidos sostuvo valores “occidentales” y alianzas estratégicas de dependencia económico-militar de USA y Europa y, por el otro lado, creó y protegió a una elite militar y empresarial que practicaba un capitalismo mercantilista que les aseguraba control político, social y económico sobre las fuerzas de producción y evitaba el surgimiento de una clase media educada y sana. En esta dinámica de relaciones capitalistas, Latinoamérica fue uno de los lugares más impactados por los consejos de Kissinger y otros expertos de su época como George Kennan, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Samuel P. Huntington y muchos otros realistas, políticos y empresarios. Por fortuna, estas ideas evitarían el efecto dominó luego de la llegada del totalitarismo popular que se hizo del poder en Cuba y que posteriormente lo haría en Venezuela y Nicaragua.

Kissinger en su visita a la China maoísta reformó el orden internacional. Su visita sirvió a USA para contrarrestar el poder soviético y complicar el avance de la estrategia del Kremlin. Paralelamente, USA buscó una distensión con Moscú, produciendo un conjunto histórico de acuerdos comerciales, de control de armas, de derechos humanos y de fomento de la confianza que ayudaron a limitar la carrera armamentista y hacer la Guerra Fría más manejable y predecible para los intereses calculados de Kissinger y Co.

Las ideas de Kissinger permitieron en el siglo XX crear un mundo donde USA demostró y expandió su poderío tras un discurso realpolitik de superioridad moral disfrazado de “democrático”, “liberal” y “capitalista” pero que se enfocaba en la conquista del poder y la victoria a toda costa contra los enemigos comunistas orientales (Rusia y China).

El autoritarismo clientelar que se fortaleció y esparció con redes de corrupción en Latinoamérica durante los últimos 40 años de estrategias kissingerianas es uno de los frutos de la estrategia de realpolitik estadounidense que, luego de que se les saliera del control, ahora se intenta reducir o controlar desde la Casa Blanca.

Pero lo pasado es pasado, y lo que nos queda ahora son los efectos de la escuela de Kissinger que permearon nuestra política hispanoamericana. La región sigue sumida en una lucha de intereses en los que USA continúa buscando equilibrar las dinámicas de poder contrarrestando la influencia del comunismo del siglo pasado. En este proceso, USA continúa apoyando el derrocamiento de gobiernos democráticamente electos en Bolivia, Perú y Honduras para dar algunos ejemplos. Mientras que, a la vez, lucha por proteger otros gobiernos democráticamente electos en países como Guatemala, Colombia o México, siempre y cuando, estos se plieguen a los intereses nacionales y la agenda central de:

  • lucha contra la inmmigración indocumentada,
  • combate a las drogas,
  • lucha contra el terrorismo y
  • bloqueo latinoamericano al ingreso de intereses y capital económico ruso-chino.

En este proceso, hispanoamérica aún tiene mucho que aprender para consolidar verdaderos sistemas democráticos donde los votantes tengan la voz principal y no se viva dependiendo de los contubernios políticos (el famoso estado paralelo) donde autoritariamente manda una pequeña elite política-empresarial creada el siglo pasado. A este inmenso reto, se suma la necesidad de crear e integrar un verdadero sentido de democracia participativa donde todos los pobladores de los países (en especial pueblos indígenas) tengan una voz y representación en la creación de los estados democráticos en los que viven.

Sin duda, en este proceso tan influenciado por el intervencionismo kissingeriano que aún domina desde USA, nos queda aún un largo recorrido para que hispanoamérica sea capaz de administrar sus gobiernos de forma soberanal, activa e independientemente participando en la arena global y fortaleciendo en instituciones sólidas la separación de poderes del estado. La gran meta: consolidar democracias ideológicamente sólidas e inclusivas donde se concreten planes de gobierno consensuados, pragmáticos y académicos que para muchos académicos más pesimistas (o realistas) es una meta muy lejana y romántica.

Pero este proceso no será sencillo de lograr y Estados Unidos es y seguirá siendo un imperio económico y político que domina Latinoamérica según sean los intereses de una política exterior de longue durée en referencia al concepto braudeliano.

El intervencionismo que Kissinger y Co. fomentaron sigue estando vigente hoy. El apoyo del país del norte a los regímenes autoritarios continuará ocurriendo cuando el fantasma del comunismo vuelva a aparecer en las elecciones de nuevos gobiernos y se necesitará que seamos más los votantes y analistas políticos que recordemos los impactos (a veces positivos y mayormente negativos) que este intervencionismo ha tenido en nuestra historia postcolonial.

El sistema democrático en Guatemala y muchos otros países de Latinoamérica están hoy más débiles que nunca.

Hacia el siglo XXI se presentan nuevos retos heredados de Kissinger y Co. y en países como Guatemala es urgente que prestemos atención a los siguientes puntos,

  • El fortalecimiento de la organización política y social de los pueblos indígenas que reclama un espacio en la política y toma de decisiones surge como una exigencia cada vez más fuerte. El rechazo a la apertura ante estos reclamos de parte de la elite mestiza gobernante ha forzado a que estos movimientos se radicalicen y se exija no solo la inclusión política de estos pueblos sino la refundación de los estados tal y como ocurrió en Bolivia y parcipalmente en Perú.
  • La creciente desigualdad económica fomenta la organización más sólida de los grupos excluidos. ESta desigualdad es a la vez un reflejo de la exclusión política de la mayoría de la población y su organización exige romper con el sistema de autoritarismo clientelar creado desde el siglo pasado. El populismo autoritario neoliberal surge como una amenaza tal y como ocurrió en El Salvador de Bukele y recientemente con la Argentina de Milei.
  • La corrupción del estado clientelar creado bajo el auspicio de la visión Kissingeriana desde USA para sostener gobiernos autoritarios está pasando la factura y el estado de bienestar en hispanoamérica se cae a pedazos sin hospitales ni escuelas públicas dignas. La estrategia de USA a través de las ONGs para crear fuentes de inversión y trabajo se ha quedado corta y ha fallado. Como resultado, la migración de trabajadores hacia USA y Canadá seguirá en ascenso.

Kissinger falleció el 29 de noviembre de 2023 y el legado que dejaron y que seguirán teniendo sus ideas seguirán vivas por muchos años más. Nos queda una larga tarea por aprender de estas lecciones y construir países más sólidos y democráticos, poblaciones más inclusivas y equilibradas, economías más competitivas y globales.

Finalmente, Como Kissinger dijo en su libro de memorias

“No siempre podemos asegurar el futuro de nuestros amigos; Tenemos más posibilidades de asegurar nuestro futuro si recordamos quiénes son nuestros amigos.”

White House Years

Piketty’s “Capital,” and the Rest of the World

Video: Thomas Piketty Discusses, “Capital In The 21st Century” with Ryan Grim and Alexis Goldstein

The book by the French economist Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century has already become part of everyday discussions and is being referenced among academics. The research by Piketty has come in the perfect time and there are plenty of reasons why. Piketty’s book discussion brings some light to the study of income quintiles and deciles into a new debate of the “the skyrocketing incomes of the 1% — and the mind-boggling gains of the 0.1% and 0.01%  — by gathering and publishing income tax data that nobody had bothered with before. Piketty was behind similar projects in France, Britain, Japan, and other countries.” (via Justin Fox at the Harvard Business Review)

I finished reading the book this weekend and it was eye-opening. The book presents great challenges to the study of capital and inequalities in the developed economies as well as in the rest of the world. The book also opens the doors for a wider discussion on the effects European Capital has had in the global economy. Further, the book invites globalists to challenge our understanding of European-centric terms that over longer periods of time become, perhaps, insufficient to comprehend global economic processes over the passing of centuries and how these processes have changed and transformed themselves by a complex evolution and redefinition.

It can’t be denied that capital during all of the 19th Century and in the beginning of the 20th Century was centered in the main European metropolises and extracted most of the goods from the periphery. Few Capital remained in colonies and protectorates. Wealth belonged to the Empires and Poverty remained in colonial territories. Even the poorest of the European was considered Rich by comparison to the inhabitants of Colonies.

Today, European Empires are gone for a while, U.S. Capital increased and gained from the fall of the European Empires and new economies started developing in former Colonies. Giant Economies like China and Russia woke up after decades of isolation from global trade and today reconfigured our understanding of Capital. Piketty’s book somehow fails to explore this Global political changes and its economic effects.

Piketty’s central argument has a gigantic weakness since it is tied to nation-states and cannot be compared or understood in reference to Global Capital flows in today’s multinational economy. Very few references are made to the role played by Multinational Companies and foreign national investments and savings by State Companies in the world.  And less is mentioned of global inequalities and the North-South divide that has been increased by the investments done by Developed and Developing Economies in the rest of the world.  Piketty argues that Capital has tended over time to grow faster than the overall economy (he focuses on European and US economies); and that income from capital is invariably much less evenly distributed than labor income (again he focuses on European and US economies). Thus failing to acknowledge how Labor income stopped been localized during the 20th Century and it involved multiple polities far away from the metropolis.  Piketty argues that together (Capital growth and its uneven distribution) amount to a powerful force for increasing inequality.

Piketty doesn’t take things as far as Marx and this is a pitty. Marx’s methodology involved the State but it also referenced to its effects both and from the peripheries through the pass of longer periods of time. This is one of the most important contributions of Marx: his global understand of the economy.

Piketty shows how over the two-plus centuries for which good records exist, the only major decline in capital’s economic share and in economic inequality was the result of World Wars I and II, which destroyed lots of capital and brought much higher taxes in the U.S. and Europe. However, he again fails to acknowledge how Capital grew in the Global South after these wars as a result of increased inequalities in the Colonies and Agriculture-centered States in South America and Asia. During the wars Capital destruction was followed by a spectacular run of economic growth that involved the entire globe and not only Europe and the U.S.  The Cold War is a good reference for finding how Capital flows went from Europe to Asia, America and Africa.  As well, the run of economic growth started involving non-State actors in which Capital continue increasing at a higher and faster rate than the one he references and studies. Failing to study this shows in Piketty’s book that after decades of peace, slowing growth, and declining tax rates, capital and inequality are on the rise all over the developed world only, and it’s not clear what if anything will alter that trajectory in the decades to come.  However, the declining tax rates, capital and inequality are on the rise at a faster pace in the developing economies and in the “puppet states” (Nigeria, Chile, the Middle East countries) which have emerged around them as sources of petrol, minerals and rare earths.

Piketty’s main worry as points out Justin Fox is that “growing wealth in Europe will bring a return to 19th century circumstances in which most affluent people get that way through inheritance.” Plus, “U.S. median income will continue lossing ground relative to other nations in the following years”. But this are not the only worries that we should identify.  The BRICS countries are probably a good source of comparison to see how the growing wealth of the 20th Century remains on the hands of the few rich and is currently been passed through inheritance. Further, developing economies in South America and Africa are an extreme case of the last.

Piketty’s solution to Europe’s and U.S. problems is that a progressive global wealth tax be established. But this tax will fail to be the best response to the current dynamics of inequality if Capital continues flowing outside of Europe into multinational capital investments overseas and into State companies overseas. 

I enjoyed this political economy analysis and will continue learning a lot from it. Piketty’s solution is a challenge for the study of global political economy and the reconfiguration of the global economy in the 21st Century. Perhaps if a new book is published studying the shareholders who own the most stock in almost every Fortune 500 company and the Capital of any major global company instead of only the economies of France, Germany or the United States more accurate insights will be found.

 

For All the Tea in China

22 February, 1784: The first American trade ship to China weighs anchor in New York City. The history of trade between China and the West is fraught with conflict and cultural complications, as demonstrated by the audacious 19th-century attempt by the British to steal China’s tea crop and transplant it to its own plantations in India. The caper is recounted in Sarah Rose‘s FOR ALL THE TEA IN CHINA.

In the dramatic story of one of the greatest acts of corporate espionage ever committed, Sarah Rose recounts the fascinating, unlikely circumstances surrounding a turning point in economic history. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the British East India Company faced the loss of its monopoly on the fantastically lucrative tea trade with China, forcing it to make the drastic decision of sending Scottish botanist Robert Fortune to steal the crop from deep within China and bring it back to British plantations in India. Fortune’s danger-filled odyssey, magnificently recounted here, reads like adventure fiction, revealing a long-forgotten chapter of the past and the wondrous origins of a seemingly ordinary beverage.

22 February, 1784: The first American trade ship to China weighs anchor in New York City. The history of trade between China and the West is fraught with conflict and cultural complications, as demonstrated by the audacious 19th-century attempt by the British to steal China's tea crop and transplant it to its own plantations in India. The caper is recounted in Sarah Rose's FOR ALL THE TEA IN CHINA: http://bit.ly/Zn5SltIn the dramatic story of one of the greatest acts of corporate espionage ever committed, Sarah Rose recounts the fascinating, unlikely circumstances surrounding a turning point in economic history. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the British East India Company faced the loss of its monopoly on the fantastically lucrative tea trade with China, forcing it to make the drastic decision of sending Scottish botanist Robert Fortune to steal the crop from deep within China and bring it back to British plantations in India. Fortune's danger-filled odyssey, magnificently recounted here, reads like adventure fiction, revealing a long-forgotten chapter of the past and the wondrous origins of a seemingly ordinary beverage.

The legacy of George Washington’s Postal Service Act of February 20, 1792

127304 600 End of Saturday Mail Delivery cartoons

WASHINGTON — Faced with billions of dollars in losses, the Postal Service announced on Wednesday (Feb. 06 2013) that it would seek to stop Saturday delivery of letters, a sweeping change in mail delivery that immediately drew criticism from postal unions, some businesses and lawmakers.

What went wrong I wonder?  Would it had been better if George Washington had never passed the Postal Service Act of 1792? How many billions would taxpayers have saved since then?  Would private companies like the  American Letter Mail Company of Lysander Spooner have served better the market? Or would the system have collapsed without government intervention?

In February 20, 1792 the Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department was signed by President George Washington.  An interesting date to remember in these days in which the Postal Service made it to the news with their Losses and their controversial solution by ending Saturday Letter Delivery.

We know for certain that in a free market no company would survive if they had kept losses as huge as the one USPS has had over all these years. They had losses of   $15.9 billion only last year.  A principle of free market transactions is that in competing  there appears a beneficial rivalry among sellers trying to achieve goals as increasing profits, market share, and sales volume by varying the elements of the marketing mix: price, product, distribution, and promotion.  Thus, enabling for those companies which succeed in growing larger and for those companies which fail to disappear.  With the existence of monopolistic services (like the Postal Service in the US) industries and business sponsored by government disrupted market transactions (bureaucratically made) and thus enabled for failing companies to continue existing even though they were not beneficial for society in the long-term.

126863 600 going postal cartoons

This reminds me to the company founded Lysander Spooner whom “being an advocate of self-employment and opponent of government regulation of business, Spooner started his own business called American Letter Mail Company which competed with the U.S. Post Office. Postal rates were notoriously high in the 1840s,[7] and in 1844, Spooner founded the American Letter Mail Company, which had offices in various cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York.[8] Stamps could be purchased and then attached to letters which could be sent to any of its offices. From here agents were dispatched who traveled on railroads and steamboats, and carried the letters in hand bags. Letters were transferred to messengers in the cities along the routes who then delivered the letters to the addressees. This was a challenge to the United States Post Office’s monopoly.[7][9] As he had done when challenging the rules of the Massachusetts bar, he published a pamphlet titled “The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress Prohibiting Private Mails.” Although Spooner had finally found commercial success with his mail company, legal challenges by the government eventually exhausted his financial resources. He closed up shop without ever having had the opportunity to fully litigate his constitutional claims. The lasting legacy of Spooner’s challenge to the postal service was the 3-cent stamp, adopted in response to the competition his company provided.[10]

Lets have this as food for thought…

U.S. Gun Murders in 2010: an Alternative View

us_gun_murders.jpgHow many gun murder victims in the U.S. are black? How many were killed with hand guns (and not with the now fiercely debated assault rifles)? U.S. Gun Murders in 2010 [periscopic.com] by Periscopic combines function and beauty to examine the data retrieved from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation‘s Uniform Crime Report. Its main goal consist of encouraging people to consider individual lives instead of just the statistic

Each arc represents a unique person, where the yellow color denotes how long they lived before being shot, and the white color how long they could have lived. Each arc is clickable and reveals more detailed information about that casualty.

A relatively hidden button at X-axis origin shows a cumulative graph of this data, revealing the relative peaks of age of the victims of gun crimes. Additionally, at the bottom of the page, a small collection of insights is provided.

Via: information aesthetics